Parenting Styles And Their Effects On Children - 1572 Words

Parenting Styles and Their Effects on Children Parents play a key role in their children’s lives, including supervision, involvement, love, support, comfort, and a wide variety of discipline and punishment. The relationship between parenting styles and child is vital and impacts the child’s physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Parenting involves two dimensions, demandingness and responsiveness sometimes referred to as control and warmth. With the use of these dimensions four parenting styles have been established; authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and disengaged. Additionally these different parenting styles have various effects on children including academics and prosocial behavior. To begin, there are two dimensions involved in parenting. The first is demandingness also known as control, the degree to which parents require their children to obey set expectations and rules for behavior (Arnett Maynard, 2013). An example of this is having a set list of r ules for tasks to complete after the child returns from school and how often punishment is practiced when tasks aren’t completed. Responsiveness, or warmth, is the degree to which parents are sensitive to their child’s basic needs for compassion, love, and concern (Arnett Maynard, 2013). An example of this is how much a parent shows affection to their child or engage in joint activities involving high levels of enthusiastic praise and physical interaction. Next, the most two common parenting styles areShow MoreRelatedParenting Styles And Its Effects On Children Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesThere are four main parenting styles, these four include: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved/neglectful. The way in which parents ‘parent’ their children effect the children on how the child develops into an adult and it affects their cognitive development. Parents that are authoritative encourage and allow their children to be independent, but the parent also sets boundaries and limits. If a child needs to be disciplined or punished, the parent does so, but not in a harmfulRead MoreThe Effects of Parenting Styles on Children781 Words   |  4 Pageshow to raise children and how to be a â€Å"good parent.† Often, parents get advice on how to parent from their own parents, from their close friends, and even experts. There are three main types of parenting styles: authoritarian parenting, permissive parenting, and authoritative parenting. Authoritative parenting is a parenting style characterized by strict rules, harsh punishments and little warmth. Permissive parenting is characterized by parents who are responsive to their children, but lack rulesRead MoreParenting Styles And Its Effects On Children957 Words   |  4 PagesParenting Styles One of the challenges every parent faces is determining the best way to raise their child. Bob Keeshan states that parents are the ultimate role models for children. Every word, movement and action has an effect. No other person or outside force has a greater influence on a child than the parent. Parents use various techniques to raise their kids. How a child is raised or developed depends on the structures that the parents used. A parent is not intrinsically bad or good; he or sheRead MoreParenting Styles And Its Effect On Children Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagessituation or opinion based on how we were raised, or how we raise-or plan on raising-our own children. With this said it is undeniable that parenting styles and their effectiveness vary. In research, parenting styles have been split into four categories the authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and the uninvolved. Within these categories, researches have attempted to map the effectiveness of parenting styles and the pos itive and negative outcomes of each. Despite the eclectic and commonly erraticRead MoreParenting Styles and Their Effects on Children1545 Words   |  7 Pageshave found patterns in parenting styles and their effects on children. Parenting isn’t only a collection of skills, rules, and tricks of the trade (Lloyd, Carol. 2012)†, it defines who you become, reflects your culture and represents values important in a family. Parenting style has a long term impact on a child’s development, success and outlook on life. The three styles of parenting are permissive parenting/hands-off parenting , authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting .Studies revealed thatRead MoreParenting Styles And Their Effects On Children2090 Words   |  9 PagesParenting Styles and Their Effects on Children We must all realize the impact we have on the world around us, whether it be an immediate effect or an action that releases a chain of events that is unforeseeable. Taking responsibility for the activities we partake in during everyday life is crucial for progressing in the future. This concept becomes much more actualized when we are raising our children. Children are undoubtedly the future of today. How we raise them will immediately impact what kindRead MoreOverview of Parenting Styles and Their Effects on Children1463 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Webster’s dictionary, the definition of parenting is of â€Å"the process of raising and educating a child from birth to adulthood.† Have you ever pondered on how different you would be if your parents would have raised you differently? Everyone was raised differently, therefore we all will be different types of parents. We may cherish the way our parents raised and disciplined us, so we’ll utilize those techn iques when we become parents. On the other side, we may despise the way our parentsRead Moreeffect of parenting style on the academic development of children6694 Words   |  27 Pagesview on parenting as the skill or activity of looking after your own children. Davies (2000) opined that parenting (or child rearing is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional social and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting style is a psychological contrast representing standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing (stantrock, 2007). There are many differing theories and opinions on the best ways to rear children, as wellRead MoreThe Effects Of Parenting Styles On The Psychological Development Of Children And Adolescents999 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent parenting styles on the psychological development of children and adolescents. Today, there are four vital parenting styles in psychology: authoritative, neglectful, indulgent and authoritarian. Each style possesses its own different characteristics and each produce different psychological developments in children and adolescents. In order to understand the effects of parenting styles on a person’s psychological development, it is obligatory we consider how a particular parenting style affectsRead MoreDiana Baumrind s Effect Of Parenting Styles On Children Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesDiana Baumrind’s effect of parenting styles on children Baumrind was born into a Jewish community in the New York’s Jewish enclaves. She was the first two daughters of Hyman and Mollie Blumberg. Diana, the eldest in an extended family of female cousins, inherited the role of eldest son, which allowed her to participate in serious conversations about philosophy, ethics, literature, and politics. She completed her B.A. in Psychology and Philosophy at Hunter College in 1948, and her M.A. and Ph.D. in

Margaret Thatcher s Long History Of Foreign Affairs

Margaret Thatcher’s long history of foreign affairs began in 1979 with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Thatcher personally condemned the invasion. She convinced various British athletes that were to compete in the 1980 Moscow Olympics to boycott the games. This action was very much in line with the tenants of liberalism, which includes fighting for liberty and equality. Thatcher provided weak support to then President of the United Sates Jimmy Carter who attempted to punish the Soviet Union with various economic sanctions. Thatcher distrusted Communism as a whole (as a liberal you hope for positive peace, Communism was not very effective at providing a lack of war occurring, so Thatcher ultimately opposed Communism all together) and†¦show more content†¦Thatcher then boldly tripled the United Kingdom’s nuclear forces in response. This move could be seen as contradicting the tenants of Liberalism. In 19982, the ruling military junta in Argentina ordered an i nvasion of the British Falkland Islands and in turn triggered the Falkland’s War. This moment was one of the most defining of Margaret Thatcher’s magnificent political career. Thatcher herself set up and was chairperson of a small war cabinet that attempted to take charge of the conduct of Britain during the war. Thatcher authorized a naval task force to retake the Falkland Islands. Eventually, thanks to Thatcher’s actions. Argentina surrendered and the operation was considered an overall success. This is a prime example of a deviation of Thatcher’s from her liberal beliefs. Even though states do not always agree on everything, such a bold move, involving going to war is not in line with the central tenants of liberalism. While some claimed that Thatcher neglected the defense of the Falkland Islands (as a liberal one must not neglect their state holdings, a prime example of neglect of this kind was the Falkland Islands) that eventually lead to the war, th e majority considered her a highly capable war leader. Luckily for Thatcher, the economy recovered in the beginning of 1982, which lead to a divided opposition and contributed largely to Thatcher’s reelection in the year 1983. This shows that Thatcher was committed to liberal politics in her

Motivational Letter to Apply for MSc-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a Motivational Letter to apply for MSc. Answer: Dear Madam or Sir, Through this letter, I am applying for a position as a student as the Masters of Management and Engineering in Data and Decision Science programme, offered at the university of RWTH Aachen in Germany. I would like to develop my knowledge more in Data and Decision Science from both the perspectives of an entrepreneur and a technical expert through this programme. I would like to focus primarily on the implementation of prediction optimization models just not from the point of view of a businessperson but also have a sound technical knowledge on creating value from data. Having an experience of almost thirteen year providing solution to Telecom Service Layers and working for various organizations providing technical support and maintenance and handling the operations, I wanted to expand my knowledge in Decision-making depending on Data-drive from both the aspect of a technician and a businessperson (Schramm 2016). After I went through the curriculum online, I found the subjects covered in the course programme are best apposite to my career aspects. I would also like to add that given the contemporary era of upgrading ourselves every passing day; this course programme will give the perfect direction to career cognisance I am aiming for in becoming a businessperson with sound technical knowledge. As per my career is directed, I have served some big companies with technical support, both local and remote, and handled different clients over my career phase consisting of numerous telecom operators in my native country. This has given me an idea about the requirements of a telecom operator. My role as a Network Engineer compels me to provide support throughout my project timeline to the respective clients going through humongous amount of data and taking decisions accordingly on the output. After I went through the University website, I found the curriculum offers courses in Data-Driven Decision-making, Artificial Intelligence, Data and Decision Science, Algorithm Economy, Industry 4.0 and various other subjects that are always on the priority list of my planning for excelling in this industry (Will, Neumann and Brauweiler 2018). Comprehensive knowledge on my domain would outshine with this training program. As a Network Engineer and Solution Integrator, I have travelled a lot throughout my career in the span of thirteen years over different areas in the Middle East and prior to that I have lived a major portion of my life in Bangladesh. Since, I have kept travelling all my career timeline, I have become quickly adaptive to new places and living in Germany would not be problematic for me at all. Language is not a barrier and adapting to different cultures comes naturally to me. Furthermore, the geographic location of Germany and the economic prospects are affordable for me and is the most appropriate ground to have the foundation of the next step in my professional career (Hruska and Clauser 2015). Lastly, with the listing of my career path and my future prospects, I am looking forward to being enlisted as a student and bring my career forward to the next echelon as a Masters of Management and Engineering in Data and Decision Science. Thank you for considering my application in advance, Regards, Md Arif Hossain References Hruska, M. and Clauser, C., 2015. Training of Geothermal Experts: The Joint Master Program in Applied Geophysics of TU Delft, ETH Zurich and RWTH Aachen.Training,19, p.25. Kppers, B., Dondorf, T., Willemsen, B., Pflug, H.J., Vonhasselt, C., Magrean, B., Mller, M.S. and Bischof, C., 2016. The Scientific Programming Integrated Degree ProgramA Pioneering Approach to Join Theory and Practice.Procedia Computer Science,80, pp.1957-1967. Schramm, C., 2016. Short Programs. Will, M., Neumann, C. and Brauweiler, J., 2018. Professional, Methodical and Didactical Facets of ESD in a Masters Course CurriculumA Case Study from Germany. InImplementing Sustainability in the Curriculum of Universities(pp. 307-322). Springer, Cham.

Response To The Scarlet Letter Essays - English-language Films

Response To The Scarlet Letter Response to The Scarlet Letter Confess thy truth and thou shall have eternal rest. I belive that is the moral to be taught in this novel of inspirational love, yet a novel of much sorrow. The impossible became possible in The Scarlet Letter, a story set back in the Puritan Times. In this response, I will give my reactions in writing to different aspects of the novel;the characchters, my likes and dislikes, my questions, and my opinion of the harsh Puritain lifestyle. Hester Prynne, the Reverend Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth each suffered guilt in their own way in the novel The Scarlet Letter. In the beginning of the novel, Hester Prynne should have not suffered the way she did on the scaffold alone. She was forced to be intergated by the high-officials of the town, while holding her little Pearl in arms. Making matters worse, the father of the child was in that very group of officals. She was then sentenced to wear the scarlet letter A, showing her guilt externally. Unable to take it off, she was forced to show her guilt to the entire settlement. However, the Reverend Dimmesdale suffered internally, with a scarlet letter of his own engraved in his mind, and on his chest as well. He felt like he betrayed God, and beat himself in a frenzy to prove his wrongdoing. He often questioned wheather his authority was true or not. Roger Chillingworth suffered the least, because he only failed to reveal the secret that he knew, the father of the child who Hester Prynne was forced to live with. This small restriction to his life forced him to suffer internally. I had different likes and dislikes in the novel The Scarlet Letter. There were many things that needed to be judged to fit into the given catagories, including; character attitudes, and character decisions. For example, the attitude displayed from the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale was rather unnapealing to me. There are different ways of settling ones guilt rather than whipping oneself in a closet. The one character whose attitude was appealing to me was that of Pearl's. She showed that mistakes in a relationship often lead to bad situations. Her mischeif and connection to the devil are examples of just those situations. Character decisions played an euqally important role. For example, I thought the descision for Hester not to tell who was the father of Pearl on the scaffold to be very brave, but was wrong. She could have ended it a lot quicker if she told the truth. A descision that I supportted was the plan for Hester, the Reverend Dimmesdale and Pearl to leave town, because it was a wa y to start a new life. Certain questions came about when reading The Scarlet Letter. Many of them involved small details. . For example, why did Hester not tell her daughter at a younger age what the A embroidered on her clothes meant? Why did the minister wear elaborate garments when conducting his self-punishment in the closet? However, other questions were involving larger situations. Why did the minster keep quiet when he knew he wouldn't live for much longer? What made Hester finnally remove her scarlet letter (for a short period of time)? The Puritanic age was a harsh and brutal period of time. At many times, citizens had no rights whatsoever. The persecuted depended on the fate of the few elite, or the top officials of town. Their laws were srict regaurding having a child out of wedlock, and if not followed, a scarlet letter A would place itself upon that person(s). My thoughts on the whole Puritanic epoch are not sympothetic. The strict rules set guildlines and formed a society in which much of it had no problems. I would even think that if applied to currnet times, it would turn society around dramatically. Book Reports

How Far Was Germany Responsibl essays

How Far Was Germany Responsibl essays What made a nation in 1900 a great power was not how much strength it had, but how it used it. Also the capacity to use and use its geological positions, and its resources to its own benefit determined how effective the great power was. The ability to influence other nations, whether it be by colonial or imperial power, also played a major role in being known as a major power in 1900. Germany, Britain, France, and to a lesser extent, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire all had these abilities, which allowed them therefore to become known as the Great Powers of Europe by 1900. Germany, the newest country in Europe, was becoming the strongest power with huge colonial expansion after their unification. This alarmed the other European countries of a neighboring threat. Germany managed to bring Austria-Hungary, and Italy together with itself to form the Triple Alliance, an agreement to support each other if Russia, or France were to attack. The nation did not rely on the size of the army, but on the sheer strength, and effectiveness. Germany by far was becoming the strongest and most powerful nation in Europe by 1900. Germanys population was increasing quite dramatically since its unification in 1871. Between 1871 and 1914 the wheat and cereal production had doubled. By 1900 it was the 4th biggest iron, and coal producer in the world. Germany dominated Europe. Germany had all of the features of a great power, it is because of this it could be called one. Britain was in a constant battle with Germany for the leading position in world power. It had a far more superior navy than ever seen in the world. It was also the chief supplier of materials, such as iron and coal. It was the richest country in the world. Some historians believe that Britain was not that strong just that She has been strong by the reason of others weaknesses by the use of others resources, by the spoils of conquest. (T ...

8 Ways to Optimize Your LinkedIn to Get the Job You Want

8 Ways to Optimize Your LinkedIn to Get the Job You Want LinkedIn is a useful and necessary career tool for almost everyone. But it can also be a fabulous job search tool. Trouble is, the ways in which this is true aren’t usually clear to a casual user. For example: If you’re just updating your profile and waiting to be discovered by recruiters or headhunters, then you can probably expect to wait a long time. This is true even if your profile is all a profile should be: with a professional photo, relevant job and education info, and nifty use of all the available bells and whistles for resume optimization. However, if you start to think of LinkedIn as a massive database and resource available to you, then you might actually stand a chance of getting a job through the site. You can spare yourself an enormous amount of legwork by checking up on companies, see who you know at any given firm, and even see what that company might be looking for.Here are a few strategies to help you get hired.1. Follow the companies you’d li ke to join one day.Choose 5-10 companies you might like to work for someday and follow them on LinkedIn. It’s a great way to learn extra intel about these companies that could be useful in an interview situation. You can even limit the companies you follow to ones that are close enough to your geographical location to be within range.2. Get more connections.You can increase your connections using the Advanced Search tool. Search for alumni of every school you’ve attended, former colleagues, even employees at companies you’d like to work for. Reach out ambitiously for connections. Join groups and follow their news feeds for more leads.3. Ask for recs.Recommendations are easy to ask for on LinkedIn. Getting managers, employees, and coworkers to post reviews on your profile can really help sell your candidacy to other jobs. When asking, however, try to personalize the standard message to ask for what you need, but also what that person might be most inclined or inf ormed to comment about.4. Stay active.Don’t just let your profile sit there, even if it’s great. Join groups and post in them. Engage with others’ content. Comment on news feeds from companies you like. Post articles that are relevant to your industry- this can make you look informed and engaged (and hirable!). Even just liking someone’s post can lead to a new connection.Quick tip: turn off your activity broadcasts (in your privacy settings) so that every one of your connections don’t receive an alert every time you add a website to your profile. Keep your broadcasts content-related and weighty.5. Use job alerts.You set up job alerts on all other job search sites, why not LinkedIn? The benefit here is that LinkedIn will give you access to the hirer/recruiter posting the job, so you’ll have somewhere to address your materials immediately. You can even start lining these alerts up before you’re ready to apply for jobs, just to be prepar ed and know what’s out there in your chosen field.6. Make your headline.Your headline actually matters. Think of it as your online brand. It’s the first and only thing a user will see when first searching for you. Your headline might be the thing that makes them click on your profile and read it, or even add you as a contact!7. Ask for introductions.You find you have a friend of a friend in a position to help you or hire you? Ask your friend to make an introduction. You can even ask passively, by using the â€Å"Get an Introduction† function (the arrow to the right of the â€Å"Send a Message† link).8. Get started.This is all great advice. Don’t file it away for â€Å"whenever you’re ready to start looking.† Most of these strategies will be most effective if you’ve built them up over a few months and then can wield them to their full benefit when the time comes for you to hunt.

Women and Economics in Colonial and Post Revolution America Essay

Women and Economics in Colonial and Post Revolution America - Essay Example She discusses among many other topics: motherhood, sex, domestic duties, the role of women as educators, feminine inclinations, women's relationships with men and the existence of women as human beings. I believe that human beings have in their nature a primal instinct for survival and that women have relied on men for their livelihood for so long that this human instinct has become blunted. This view is supported in Gilman's work where her writings point to a belief that women are now more feminine than they are human 1 By Gilman's definitions, women had a primarily "feminine" role to play in colonial America. In early southern colonies, females were heavily outnumbered by men but the hardships of life ensured that all inhabitants had to earn their living regardless of gender. Women attended domestic duties like sewing and cooking and men devoted more time to productivity in the fields but regardless of job descriptions, all were kept busy in they strife of making a living. With a rise in European conflict and the spread of these disputes to America, a new population of widows emerged who were previously dependent on their husbands for the livelihood of their families 2 These women gradually integrated themselves into the urban workforce; a move that was encouraged by authorities to decrease the number of widows and orphans dependent on charity.3 The revolutionary age brought change in the attitudes of women. Prior to the American revolution, migrant families to America had brought with them ideals about a "woman's place" and perceptions of "femininity" from the bases of their European origins. However, as the political environment changed and people in general became more outspoken, there evolved a greater tolerance to opinionated women. Women began to hold meetings in their homes involving both men and women where they criticized political and religious figures and discussed everything from economics to medicine. 4 The American Revolution was not simply a military conflict between American colonies and the British Empire; there was a strong cultural and economic resistance in America. Americans became more reluctant to rely on British produced goods and this started an industrial economy for women. Because of this boycott of British products, women became responsible for producing most of their families clothing at home in addition to other consumables like candles and soap 5 6. To continue to support their families and produce food for the army, women also took to the fields and assumed an important role in agriculture 5. If a family owned a business like an inn or a printing press, women often assumed these entrepreneurial roles while their husbands were away 7. This allowed women to demonstrate levels of competency and success at opportunities that were denied to them in the past. Women launched a full scale assault to cement their place in the American workforce. In the past, women who wer e forced to work were careful not make their activities too obvious. There remained traditions in society that a woman's place was in her home; her private sphere. However, during the revolution, as the demand for women in the workplace grew, women became more prepared to advertise their products and services 8. Women were not only participating in docile duties. Women sometimes traveled with

The report should contain an evaluation of the most popular resources Assignment

The report should contain an evaluation of the most popular resources weighing the positives and negatives (critically analyse) - Assignment Example In this regard, the literature suggests that there are various options available for small businesses. Sources of Finance Available to Small Businesses The most important concern of an investor or a small business owner, like Thunder Egg, is the sources from where finance can be raised to satiate financing needs of the business. Among various options available for small business entrepreneurs, crowd funding, business angels, bank loans, government initiatives and private investments are considered as amongst the most preferred ones by them. Whether the business is small, medium or a large multinational corporation, the need for securing sufficient finances holds significant importance for the entrepreneur, which in turn determines the success of planned strategies and business plan (Rodriguez, 2003; Moles et al., 2011; Baker & Martin, 2011). The common sources of finance identified earlier have been discussed as follows: Crowd Funding It is often witnessed that small and medium enter prises rely on unconventional means of obtaining finance in most of the times. The conventional means can be considered as venture capital and/or obtaining loans from financial institutions (Lambert & Schwienbacher, 2010; Abdulsaleh & Worthington, 201

SMS consolidates Essay Example for Free

SMS consolidates Essay Today SMS has become such a common mode of communication between youth peer groups that it has now become a mindset or norm amongst this young community and is no longer something that the youths even think about when using. [7] Of the 20 youths polled in our survey, 40% of the youths send between 5 and 10 SMS daily, and 20% send 15 or more SMS per day (Appendix 1, Figure 1). The reason for the enormous popularity of SMS amongst the youths in Singapore is, firstly, due to the fact that this mechanism of sending and receiving messages costs less. Sending an SMS message costs only five cents with some organisations offering users 500 free SMS messages a month. SMS is particularly suited for short messages like see you in the canteen at 2pm because SMS is much cheaper than calling someone and giving the same message. Calling someone to give the same message would invariably take more time and hence more cost. Secondly, sending SMS helps to save time, as it is an instantaneous form of communication. This is especially useful for youths in school, because very often they can only use their mobile phone in the strict constraints of break times. Also, SMS provides a very convenient method of exchanging small bits of information between young mobile users. The convenience of leaving messages when the other party is unreachable is one of the pros of SMS. Using SMS, one can get the message across even if they are unable to contact their friends. This function of SMS allows youths to have greater accessibility to their friends, hence its popularity. Thirdly, SMS allows the youth to feel more comfortable contacting people that they do not know very well because in contrast to voice communication, SMS is considered less personal. Certain things that teens dare not say to another person face-to-face can be done on SMS. Where shyness used to prevent some from communicating their feelings, text messaging has fully opened the gates. [10] Texting is considered less nerve-wracking and embarrassing than asking a girl for a date face-to-face. [10] Fourthly, at functional and symbolic levels, SMS allows youngsters to demonstrate that they are part of a social network and elevate their status within that network. The use of SMS consolidates a community of peers and allows them to differentiate themselves and their peers from others, such as adults. Within their small social networks, the use of particular words and symbols that are incorporated as SMS language also helps differentiate the networks through such common and tacit knowledge that is only shared by the community members. It provides a way of signifying group or community membership, as a way of marking outsiders and giving the group a clearer identity. Among the reasons for the popularity of SMS, most of the youths polled indicated that the convenience of SMS is the most favourable outcome of SMS. Also the survey shows that the greater accessibility to people and the time-saving factor are important outcomes of SMS (Appendix 1, Figure 2). CONS OF SMS TO YOUTH As described above, SMS has gained popularity among the youths due to its many advantages. However, there are also cons of SMS to the youth. In our survey, most youths indicated that addiction to SMS and language usage are unfavourable outcomes of SMS (Appendix 1, Figure 3). Now we shall go on to explain in detail the cons of SMS. Firstly, SMS is helpful and convenient to the youths, and hence they are in danger of getting addicted to SMS. A news report in London states that not finding a new message could be upsetting, especially for youngsters. [20] To them, receiving a message implied importance, boosted self-esteem, and knowledge that somebody cared and thought of them. [20] Many youngsters were paranoid and started worrying upon not receiving text messages. [20] Hence, they were constantly checking their mobile phones for new messages. It is clear that SMS addiction can potentially lead to serious distraction for the youth, especially when they start to expect people to drop them messages all the time. Furthermore, SMS is also distracting for youths who are still schooling. They can send SMS when the lessons are being delivered, dividing their attention span between listening to the teacher or lecturer. Thus these youths are unable to concentrate in class. Since SMS addiction has such serious repercussions, we are interested to find out what the youths feel about it. One question in our survey seeks to establish if the youths themselves think they are indeed hooked to it. The survey results (Appendix 1, Figure 4) show that 45% of the youths pooled stated that they are either addicted, or most probably addicted to SMS. A further 20% were neutral to the idea, and 35% indicated that they are either probably not addicted, or not addicted at all. These results are relatively close to one another, and hence not very conclusive. As such, we shall look at another question that asked what is the longest period they have gone without SMS. As high as 75% of the youths revealed that they have only gone without SMS for about 1 to 3 hours (Appendix 1, Figure 5). This time frame is rather small, and as such, we conclude that youths here do show some signs of being addicted to SMS. Secondly, just like the Internet, SMS has its side effects. Spam SMS is common nowadays as messages, especially jokes, are just forwarded blindly to anyone. Many parents worry that messages carrying fraudulent and pornographic content may harm their teenager children. However, from our survey, we learn that SMS spam is not ranked very highly as an unfavourable outcome of SMS (Appendix 1, Figure 3). This could be because messages with vulgar contents are relatively less common than jokes, and thus perhaps youths like the jokes sent, such that spam generally does not bother them. Thirdly, SMS serves as a threat to the youth relationship with their peers too. Misunderstanding and miscommunications can arise due to SMS. It is extremely difficult to discern tone in SMS, just as in email. What seems to the sender to be a completely innocuous message may be grossly misinterpreted by the recipient, causing certain discomfort if not irreparable harm. Also, there might be occasions when they compose a message and sent it to the wrong person. If the message happens to be about the person that they sent to, their relationship would be soured. Finally, using SMS will also cause loss of verbal communication, and affect our language usage. These aspects lead to stronger implications on the youths, and as such, they will be discussed in further details in the following section, which explain the social impacts of SMS on youths. THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF SMS ON YOUTH After ascertaining the reasons on why SMS is so popular, and the cons of SMS, we shall now focus on the social impact of SMS on youths. Firstly, one important social impact that SMS has on the youths is that it has altered the means of communication among the youths. Nowadays, some of them rely more on SMS than verbal communication. Indeed, this trend is shown through our survey: 70% of the youths polled prefer SMS to verbal communication (Appendix 1, Figure 6). As briefly mentioned under the cons of SMS, this has serious implications as the loss of verbal communication could cause youths to become shy, and be unable to express themselves effectively in future. In many situations too, one is relatively more comfortable sending a message via SMS than talking over the phone. Hence, SMS is seen as an easier method to get certain messages across such as breaking up with a girlfriend. This could be why young people breaking up via SMS is common. Furthermore, SMS has altered the means of communication by decreasing physical interaction among youths with people around them. Though due to its many advantages, SMS helps youths keep in touch with a greater number of people, this form of interaction be lose out in significance to the traditional form of meeting up and chatting with friends. This could have an important long-term effect on culture, interaction and attitudes of the youth within society. In addition, another way of how SMS has altered the means of communication is that, unlike in the past, arranging an outing beforehand is no longer needed, as SMS is instantaneous. People are now no longer as difficult to reach as before, and so a simple SMS message is often enough to arrange a physical meeting and night out with friends. Secondly, another social impact that SMS has on the youths is that there is now a change of language among the young SMS users. Due to the inherent limitations of 160 characters per SMS, there is a need for abbreviations or short-forms to save space, so as to squeeze as many ideas as possible in one single SMS. Sending messages like See you tonight at 830pm could be replaced by c u tonite, 830. Spelling out the entire word would take up more spaces such that more than one message would need to be sent, increasing the cost of sending. Hence short-forms have evolved to make SMS more efficient, less time consuming and cheaper. From our survey, we can conclude that 90% of those polled use short-forms in their SMS (Appendix 1, Figure 7). Hence, we can infer that SMS encourages a certain inventiveness to a language, [16] because the youths make use of abbreviations and smileys to maximise space, and to express emotions. As such, SMS is sometimes seen as a new language to youth culture. [16] Now, the word manipulations that the youths use, are increasingly being understood by other users. [16] As briefly mentioned under the cons of SMS, the form of language manipulation due to SMS usage has a detrimental effect on language as too many short-forms are used. Dr. Cynthia McVey, a psychology lecturer at Glasgow Caledonian University, summed this up very well, Texting was second nature to a generation of young people. They do not write letters, so sitting down to write or type an essay is unusual and difficult. They revert to what they feel comfortable with. Texting is attractive and uncomplicated. [12] Hence some youths even unconsciously carry on with the usage of short-forms in their daily schoolwork, not only irritating their teachers, but also causing themselves to lose marks.

Middle Child :: essays research papers

The Art of the Middle Child   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What if you had the opportunity to see something you had never seen before. Would you take a camera? Would you go? Would you give it a thought? This is what goes through the mind of a person like me. More specifically a middle child, they put way too much thought into things. I am Josh, and I am a middle child. I’ve said it once and one more time wont hurt, being a middle child was hard let me tell you about me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wouldn’t it be funny if we were taught from the top down, makes as much sense as building a house starting with the roof and ending with the foundations? Sometimes is done like this quite often, as a result we have a distinct variety of people known as â€Å"Middle Child Syndrome.† Middle Child Syndrome is not something that occurs often in a family, usually only once but it may happen more than once, I would pick up a book on the subject sometime if you are still curious after reading this. There are a lot of qualities that go into the recipe of making the middle child. Lets go into describing them in terms of myself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have fought to keep an image of myself that I believe should be maintained. When something has come along in the past I have done what I could to keep what I could. A famous speaker once said: â€Å"I believe in coming out and being plain and honest with that which should be made public, and in keeping yourselves that which should be kept. If you have your weaknesses, keep them hid from your brethren as much as you can. You never hear me ask the people to tell their follies†¦ do not tell our nonsensical conduct that nobody knows of but yourselves.† Look at the third from last line, â€Å"†¦If you have your weaknesses, keep them hid from your brethren,†--keep them hid. I have pride in my honesty but I have made my mistakes. When I was the age of 11, approximately, I had taken my sister out for a walk. She was about 6 years old and had to be watched like a hawk. I had not got along wither for quite sometime and would blame things on her when we had disputes; everyone in my family had known that. Every time that something happened, I would find a way to pin the situation on my little sister.

Use of Power: Blade Runner vs. The Handmaid’s Tale

Compare the ways In which the authors of two texts you studied this year explore the use of power. The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood and Blade Runner: Director's Cut by Riddle Scott both explore the use of power albeit in similar and dissimilar ways. Power in both texts Is portrayed as humankind's power over the natural world, power over those considered Inferior In society, and power over women. In Blade Runner, the human race is seen to have abused an outstanding amount of power over the natural world, as seen by the environmental decrepitude in the 2019 Los Angels city.There is a large amount of photochemical smog from which the constant acidic rain falls, deteriorating the large buildings. Costuming such as umbrellas and raincoats, dark lighting from unnatural sources, and camera techniques such as the claustrophobic crane shot compile together to create a polluted and dank environment. Apart from the safe fantasy haven of Decker's dreams, not once in the film are flowers or trees shown, and the only animal seen is ‘artificial' or in black and white photographs.Unlike The Handmaid's Tale in which children are a key feature of society, no children are seen in Blade Runner, which suggests that the state of the world is irreparable. There is a large amount of manmade technology however; for example repellents, ever-present blimps, and flying cars or ‘spinners'. This suggests that the progression of technology was far more important to humankind than the preservation of the natural world. In this text, Scott illustrates a world that has quite literally gone to ruin, due to humankind's domination over the natural world.The Handmaid's Tale depicts a world where this dominance is also evident, although it is far less obvious. Contrasting to the Mathew colorless 2019 Los Angels, the world of Gilead boasts rose beds, sunshine and shady streets. But there are also toxic wastelands and skyrocketing infertility rates. The alarm Is described to have â⠂¬Å"got too full, once, of chemicals, rays, radiation† and the water to â€Å"swarm with toxic molecules,† all of which are the consequence of human activity and thus illustrate the power over the natural world.As a result, â€Å"still births, miscarriages and genetic deformities are widespread and on the increase. † The condition and state of the environment in both texts illustrate the vegetating effects of humankind having power over the natural world. Power over those considered inferior in society is also explored in these two texts. In Blade Runner, the replicates are deemed as unequal, which is evident due to the use of language. For example, the euphemism â€Å"retirement† is used to describe their death, and Declared uses the term â€Å"it† instead of ‘he' or ‘she' when referring to them.When Chord Is killed on the street, the lack of reaction from the public suggests that morally incorrect. Besides replicates, however, non-Cauc asian people suffer inequality also. This is evident as the blimps that advertise a â€Å"new life† in the off- world colonies speak in English, despite majority of the population being Asian. Caucasian people in the film are seen to have all the power due to their positions in society, for example Tersely, the lavishly dressed people in Taffy's bar, and Bryant, the head police officer.Bryant is heard using derogatory language, which suggests his power as a Caucasian, as he refers to those below him in the overpopulated streets as â€Å"little people. † Those who are not physically perfect are also shown as powerless in the film. For example, J. F. Sebastian â€Å"couldn't pass the medical† to live in an off-world colony because he suffers from Methuselah's syndrome, despite being a killed engineer (as shown by his ‘living toy creations. ) Bigotry against those considered inferior is also seen in The Handmaid's Tale.In the ‘Historical Notes' it is ex plained that a specific strain of syphilis was produced to drop over India, which is similar to the type of ‘racial cleansing seen in Blade Runner. Moreover, those who cannot serve the â€Å"greater good† are exposed of as if they are mere objects, for instance, abortion actors and homosexuals, both of whom are publicly hung on The Wall. Handmaids also suffer similar inequality and powerlessness. This is largely evident as the Aunts in the Red Centre are explained to have â€Å"scriptural precedent† to hit the handmaids.Offered communicates the power over those considered substandard in society by explaining that â€Å"Better never means better for everyone†¦ It always means worse for someone. † Atwood and Scott both explore power over those considered inferior in order to enhance the already dyspeptic worlds, and to evoke a strong emotional response from their audience. Power over women in both texts is a significant area explored by both Atwood and Scott. In Blade Runner, women are sexualities and objectified for the pleasures of men, which indicates male dominance.Chord, who works as an exotic dancer â€Å"taking pleasures from the snake† is highly sexualities to the point of ridiculousness, for example, her see-through, impractical rain Jacket – paired with knee high heeled boots. Camera techniques also illustrate her objectification as a sex toy. For example, the camera imposes on her privacy by following her into the shower, despite Declared eyeing the only one talking at the time. Additionally, the framing tends to focus on her body.Prism similarly is an example of men's power over women in the Blade Runner world. Although she is seen wearing more clothing than Chord, she also wears a collar, which signifies ‘ownership' as if she is an animal that could belong to someone. This costuming differs to what is described in The Handmaid's Tale, where female clothing is â€Å"long and concealing. † How ever, in both worlds clothing is a means of identification, for example in Gilead, the color red represents the Handmaids, as the liar on Prism supposedly represents a â€Å"basic pleasure model. The creation of Prism as a replicate to serve as a â€Å"basic pleasure model† indicates that women are considered to have no other purpose in life besides their sexual organs. This idea is present in The Handmaid's Tale also. Due to the infertility rates, sexual violence and rape are justified, leading to women becoming no more than â€Å"two-legged wombs, that's all. † Even Rachel, who contrasts from Prism and Chord in her role in society, is powerless in between her and Declared, which presents the idea that women should be observing to men.This is indicated as when she dodges his advances and attempts to leave, he angrily slams the door shut, pushes her against the wall and demands her to kiss him. Similarly in The Handmaid's Tale, women are subject to violence, despite t he desire for their â€Å"protection,† for example the â€Å"electric cattle prods† used to maintain power over the handmaids. Inequality due to gender is also largely evident as women are given only three chances at pregnancy before they are cast off to the colonies to die of â€Å"unnatural causes. It is clear that if infertility is a problem, ales are Just as ‘responsible' as females, but not once are men punished for faulty semen. Although women are not as obviously unequal in Blade Runner, it is evident that both authors have deeply explored the disturbing idea of men's power over women. Atwood and Scott explore the use of power in both The Handmaid's Tale and Blade Runner; particularly power over the natural world, those considered inferior, and women. This evokes strong emotional responses, and despite differing means of exploration, both texts successfully raise questions and provoke thought.

Legacies of Horace Mann and John Dewey

Horace Mann (1796-1859) and John Dewey (1859-1952) are important contributors in the development of American Educational system. Mann regarded education as an effective  Ã‚   tool for training children and individuals into obedient workers while Dewey sees education as a means for growth and preparation of individuals to become democratic citizens (Filler 128; Westbrook 171). In conformity to their educational philosophies,  Ã‚     Ã‚  Mann made efforts that result to an organized, centralized, democratic American education while John Dewey was responsible for the laying down of American theories of democratic, science-respecting education. Mann firmly believed that education helps to alleviate poverty and he stressed this belief in his Twelfth Annual Report on education. He was convinced that educated and trained individuals produced productive labor, and hence contributes to the prosperity of a nation (Filler 128). However, when Horace Mann assumed the leadership of the Board of Education in Massachusetts in 1837, he was confronted with a sad condition of education in America. American educational ideals were low and undemocratic. Furthermore, schools were poorly organized and its curricula and methods were limited and needs modernization. On top of that,   Ã‚  schools were in bad physical condition (Graves 254-255). In short, education during Mann’s time was a neglected and more or less an unimportant part of American society. Mann worked hard to elevate the status of education in his time by promoting education through personal visits of schools in his circuit and publishing Annual Reports. He also secured government funding for schools and established libraries and â€Å"normal† training schools for teachers (Graves 256, 264). As a result, he earned the name the Father of American public education. Mann’s legacy was long lasting, for public schools flourished throughout America today and regarded by most as the best means for transmitting knowledge and training in skills. Hence, the educated American is equipped to be productive. Mann adopted a democratic approach to education. He saw the public school as a means for equalizing education, where children of different social classes learned together. He believed that education should be â€Å"universal† and â€Å"free† (Graves 264).   However, it is strange for modern minds that while Mann envisioned children of all classes learning together in schools he did not oppose segregation (â€Å"Horace† 2001). Nevertheless, Mann’s â€Å"universal† and â€Å"free† view of education is still widely held in America today, except that in modern times school attendance is not only composed of individuals of different social classes but also of different races. John Dewey on the other hand, proposed that the goal of education should produce democratic individuals for a democratic nation. He likened classrooms as representations of a democratic society. He reasoned that the success of a democratic nation lies on its educated people who had developed democratic knowledge and skills needed for a democratic society. Dewey advocated learning by method type of education and not by memorization by repetition (Westbrook 172; Archambault 10-12). In short, his educational style was highly interactive and unites theory and practice. This kind of educational style had been proven effective for learning and American schools today had lessons and curricula   Ã‚  designed for both instructing and experiencing theories. Unlike Mann, Dewey believed that schools should not produce productive worker alone but a citizen whose skills and democratic experiences met   the demands of a democratic society.   For Dewey, acquiring this skill and knowledge is not dependent on the subject matter but on the child’s own instinctive ability and power (Westbrook 177). John Dewey’s supports progressive education. As such, he liberated   students from becoming a slave to traditional knowledge. For him the student is central to education. He encouraged scientific inquiry in the classroom. In fact,  Ã‚   John Dewey was interested to â€Å"fuse the imperatives of science and nature, democracy and humanity† in educational instruction (McCluskey 177). In this sense, he has in some measure touched every stone in the modern American educational structure. It can be said that Horace Mann laid the foundation for the effective operation of American public school while John Dewey provided the theory for it. Of the two, Dewey was more of the philosopher. Mann, on the other hand was not a philosopher, he was a practical man of action whose moral earnestness laid the foundation of American public schools (Graves 266). Works Cited Archambault, Reginald D.   John Dewey on Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974. Filler, Louis.  Ã‚   Horace Mann on the Crisis of Education.   Yellow Springs, Ohio: Antioch Press, 1965. Graves, Frank Pierrepont. Great Educators of Three Centuries: Their Work and Its Influence on Modern Education.   New York: Macmillan, 1912. Horace Mann.   2001.   Roundtable, Inc.Accessed April 7, 2008 McCluskey, Neil Gerard. Public Schools and Moral Education: The Influence of Horace Mann, William Torrey Harris, and John Dewey. New York: Columbia University Press, 1958. Westbrook, Robert B.  Ã‚   John Dewey and American Democracy.   Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.   

Of Mice and Men Animal Imagery Essays

Of Mice and Men Animal Imagery Essays Of Mice and Men Animal Imagery Paper Of Mice and Men Animal Imagery Paper Essay Topic: Of Mice and Men In the novel, Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck uses comparisons between animals and humans to demonstrate Lennie’s animalistic qualities. Steinbeck compares Lennie to animals to illustrate his innocence, immaturity, unawareness, and curiosity. Animal imagery is used to provide insight to the characters personalities and behaviors through the comparison between Lennie and a bear, his obsession with rabbits, and his similarities to Candy’s dog. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck compares Lennie’s natures and habits to that of a bear. At the beginning of the novel, Lennie’s gait is described as similar to the way a bear drags his paws (2). The word â€Å"drags† hints a sense of relaxation and calmness which is evident in Lennie’s personality. Lennie is not concerned with the trivial matters that consume the other characters. As Lennie bends down to get water from the pond, he dabbles his big paw in the water and wiggles his fingers to make circles(3). â€Å"Dabbles† illustrates the delicacy in his movement and shows his unawareness to his immense, bearlike size. Lennie is not worried about anything except how the water ripples. He remains unaffected by the everyday struggles of the majority of people in this time period. The comparison between Lennie and a bear show his unusual and immense size, but also the curious and careful nature of his personality. Lennie’s obsession with rabbits shows his immature and innocent personality. After Lennie kills one of the pups, he is extremely concerned with the fact that George might not allow him to tend the rabbits anymore(85). Lennie’s immaturity is portrayed by his inability to realize the full extent of what he has done. Before George shoots Lennie, Lennie makes sure that he will still assume the position as the rabbit tender(105). This is another example of how Lennie’s immaturity is illustrated. Although Lennie just killed Curley’s wife, he is only concerned with the rabbits. Lennie’s love of rabbits is a clear example of his immaturity and innocence. Candy’s relationship with his dog is similar to George and Lennie’s connection. Candy tells Slim â€Å"He doesn’t mind taking care of his dog,† but Slim agrees he needs to be shot(45). Lennie and Candy’s dog both were unable to escape death, and Slim agrees in both situations that it is for the better. Towards the end of the dog’s life, Carlson explained to Candy that â€Å"he’d shoot the dog right in the back of the head. He wouldn’t feel it†(45). After George shoots Lennie, Curley points out â€Å"right in the back of the head†(107). George shot Lennie himself so Lennie would not be afraid. Neither the dog or Lennie saw it coming, nor were they aware that their lives were about to end. The comparison between Candy’s dog and Lennie illustrate Lennie’s innocence and his unawareness of what he had done. Animal imagery is used throughout the novel to show the comparison between Lennie’s personalities to that of an animal. Each animal demonstrates a different behavior of Lennie’s. The bear shows his curiosity, the rabbits show his innocence and immaturity, and the dog shows his unawareness.

New Yorks Most Notorious Neighborhood

New Yorks Most Notorious Neighborhood It is impossible to overstate how notorious the lower Manhattan neighborhood called the Five Points was throughout the 1800s. It was said to be the roost of gang members and criminals of all types, and was widely known, and feared, as the home turf of flamboyant gangs of Irish immigrants. The reputation of the Five Points was so widespread that when the famous author Charles Dickens visited New York on his first trip to America in 1842, the chronicler of Londons underside wanted to see it for himself. Nearly 20 years later, Abraham Lincoln visited the Five Points during a visit to New York while he was considering running for president. Lincoln spent time at a Sunday school run by reformers trying to change the neighborhood and stories of his visit appeared in newspaper months later, during his 1860 campaign. The Location Provided the Name The Five Points took its name because it marked the intersection of four streets- Anthony, Cross, Orange, and Little Water- which came together to form an irregular intersection with five corners. In the past century, the Five Points has essentially disappeared, as streets have been redirected and renamed. Modern office buildings and courthouses have been constructed on what had been a slum known around the world. Population of the Neighborhood The Five Points, in the mid-1800s, was known primarily as an Irish neighborhood. The public perception at the time was that the Irish, many of whom were fleeing the Great Famine, were criminal by nature. And the appalling slum conditions and pervasive crime of the Five Points only contributed to that attitude. While the neighborhood was predominantly Irish in the 1850s, there were also African-Americans, Italians, and various other immigrant groups. The ethnic groups living in close proximity created some interesting cultural cross-pollination, and legend holds that tap dancing developed in the Five Points. African American dancers adapted moves from Irish dancers, and the result was American tap dancing. Shocking Conditions Prevailed Reform movements of the mid-1800s spawned pamphlets and books detailing horrendous urban conditions. And it seems that mentions of the Five Points always figure prominently in such accounts. Its hard to know how accurate the lurid descriptions of the neighborhood are, as the writers generally had an agenda and an obvious reason to exaggerate. But accounts of people essentially packed into small spaces and even underground burrows seem so common that they are probably true. The Old Brewery A large building which had been a brewery in colonial times was a notorious landmark in the Five Points. It was claimed that up to 1,000 poor people lived in the Old Brewery, and it was said to be a den of unimaginable vice, including gambling and prostitution and illegal saloons. The Old Brewery was torn down in the 1850s, and the site was given over to a mission whose purpose was to try to help neighborhood residents. Famous Five Points Gangs There are many legends about street gangs which formed in the Five Points. The gangs had names like the Dead Rabbits, and they were known to occasionally fight pitched battles with other gangs in the streets of lower Manhattan. The notoriety of the Five Points gangs was immortalized in the classic book Gangs of New York by Herbert Asbury, which was published in 1928. Asburys book was the basis of the Martin Scorsese film Gangs of New York, which portrayed the Five Points (though the film was criticized for many historical inaccuracies). While much of what has been written about the Five Points Gangs was sensationalized, if not entirely fabricated, the gangs did exist. In early July 1857, for example, the Dead Rabbits Riot was reported by the New York City newspapers. In days of confrontations, members of the Dead Rabbits emerged from the Five Points to terrorize members of other gangs. Charles Dickens Visited the Five Points The famed author Charles Dickens had heard about the Five Points and made a point of visiting when he came to New York City. He was accompanied by two policemen, who took him inside buildings where he saw residents drinking, dancing, and even sleeping in cramped quarters. His lengthy and colorful description of the scene appeared in his book American Notes. Below are excerpts: Poverty, wretchedness, and vice, are rife enough where we are going now. This is the place: these narrow ways, diverging to the right and left, and reeking everywhere with dirt and filth...Debauchery has made the very houses prematurely old. See how the rotten beams are tumbling down, and how the patched and broken windows seem to scowl dimly, like eyes that have been hurt in drunken frays...So far, nearly every house is a low tavern; and on the bar-room walls, are coloured prints of Washington, and Queen Victoria of England, and the American eagle. Among the pigeon-holes that hold the bottles, are pieces of plate-glass and coloured paper, for there is, in some sort, a taste for decoration, even here...What place is this, to which the squalid street conducts us? A kind of square of leprous houses, some of which are attainable only by crazy wooden stairs without. What lies beyond this tottering flight of steps, that creak beneath our tread? AÂ  miserable room, lighted by one dim cand le, and destitute of all comfort, save that which may be hidden in a wretched bed. Beside it, sits a man, his elbows on his knees, his forehead hidden in his hands...(Charles Dickens, American Notes) Dickens went on at considerable length describing the horrors of the Five Points, concluding, all that is loathsome, drooping, and decayed is here. By the time Lincoln visited, nearly two decades later, much had changed in the Five Points. Various reform movements had swept through the neighborhood, and Lincolns visit was to a Sunday school, not a saloon. By the late 1800s, the neighborhood went through profound changes as laws were enforced and the dangerous reputation of the neighborhood faded away. Eventually, the neighborhood simply ceased to exist as the city grew. The location of the Five Points today would be roughly located under a complex of court buildings constructed in the early 20th century.

In what ways do language and the use of language influence news Use an Essay

In what ways do language and the use of language influence news Use an example of a contemporary controversial topic to illustrate your argument - Essay Example This implies that the language employed by the journalists must enhance the understanding of the news. Among the basic objectives of journalists is to inform the public. The communication technique journalists adopt in this context is direct and simple as they use direct quotes and simple grammatical structures. Journalists deliberately minimize the use of jargons in a bid to enhance the public’s understanding of the news. As explained, language helps define the target audience, the level of technicality in language siphons particular individuals from the public who comprehend the type of language used by a media. This helps siphon the public thereby influencing the audience for each media. Different newspapers have audiences most of who identify with the type of language that the media uses in preparing its news. The combination of words that journalists use in presenting their news influences the consumption of the news contents by the audience. Among the key journalistic principles is objectivity a feature that commands that journalists provide a factual presentation of the events they cover. The selection and combination of words influences the level of objectivity in news presentation a feature that dictates that journalists consider various factors before using a word. Some words are sensational thereby portraying the either the journalist or particular media institutions as biased. Journalists strive to minimize sensationalism in news coverage as they strive to remain both objective and detailed as they present their news articles. Journalists must desist from taking sides while covering events. Language can easily portray one as biased despite the absence of such motives especially when covering such vital topics as terrorism. Currently, the missing Malaysian plane is a major international news with different groups of

Nelson Mandela Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Nelson Mandela - Research Paper Example Mandela was born on the July 18, 1918. His name Rolihlahla literally means, â€Å"pulling the branch of the tree.† He was brought up in the village of Mvezo near River Mbashe in the district of Umata, the capital of Transkei. His home village was Thembu. The name of his father was the great, Gadla Henry Mphanyiswa. Mphanyiswa was a great chief of the high, Thembu village. His father lost his wealth due to some â€Å"ox† disputes, under unclear circumstances. His mother decided to travel to a village of Qunu, located northern of Mvezo. While at Qunu, Mandela used to spend his leisure time playing and wrestling with other young boys in the village. He could spend the nights together with these same boys. He used to look after the herds at the age of five. He discovered the techniques of collecting honey, birds, and edible fruits. He enjoyed drinking milk straight from the udder of the cow. The life in the field was full of fun. Mandela was a creative and a critical in thought. He could make devices and play with them. He had a passion for the study of nature. He liked climbing the back of the donkey and molding animals and birds using clay soil. The village of Qunu had several churches. He attended church service for the first time when he during baptism. The religion became like a ritual to him. His mother attachment to the church was just incredible. The only times he could miss the Sunday services was when he could go to fight with other boys. He realized that the fighting was like a transgression and vowed never to commit again. Mandela later traveled to Johannesburg where he first reached the offices of Crown Mines in the year 1886.The Witwatersrand in South Africa by then was the largest gold mine. He was very much disappointed in what he saw in the mining place as opposed to his expectations. He thought he could find the mining places to have well-furnished offices but instead the place was

U.A.W. v. Johnson Control, Inc., 499 U.S. 187(1991) Essay

U.A.W. v. Johnson Control, Inc., 499 U.S. 187(1991) - Essay Example m that the respondent’s policy has created facial classification at the work place that is based on gender which discriminates against women on the basis of their gender (Becker 43). After some of the pregnant employees in a battery manufacturing became pregnant while maintaining blood lead levels, the company implemented a policy which barred all fertile women from the job. The affected employees filed a case in the district court claiming the policy constituted sex discrimination which violates the 1964 civil rights act. The court of appeal affirmed that despite the risk the company’s policy is discriminative. The holding of the court was that women should be given equal opportunities as men in the working place regardless of the risks since baring women from some positions is discrimination based on gender. Excluding fertile women or women with child bearing capacity from lead exposed job positions encourages facial classification that is based on gender and this this discriminates against the female employees with regard to their sex under 703 a of title VII The company’s lawyer argued that the safety of employees and their offspring should also be a major concern of the companies and the Johnson holding company was accepted to take the actions it took. He argued that the policy was not based on gender but the safety of the workers (Becker 44). In my opinion the company should only bar pregnant women from the jobs since the lead component is more hazardous to the foetus. There is evidence that the lead levels found in eight pregnant women was potentially harmful to the baby. The company barring all fertile women is sexually discriminative as by doing so it will be favouring the male

Study to evaluate the effectiveness of Self Instructional Module

Study to evaluate the effectiveness of Self Instructional Module A man too busy to take care of his health is like a mechanic too busy to take care of his tools. Seizure is a neurological disorder characterised by unprovoked electrical discharges that disrupt the nervous system and can cause abnormalities such as abnormal blood levels of calcium, magnesium, glucose which can trigger one or more seizure conditions that irritate the brain. (Christensen and Vestergaard, 2007) Most people with seizure lead outwardly normal lives. Approximately 80% can be aided by modern therapies, and some may take months or years between each seizure attack. However, this condition can affect daily life of people with seizure, their family and their friends. People with seizures who ignore treatment have, a shorter life expectancy and increased risk of cognitive impairment. People with seizure have an higher risk of poor self -esteem, depression and suicide tendency. These problems may by a reaction that may result in cruelty and avoidance by other people. (http\www.nih.gov) Based on the total projected population of India, the estimated number of people with seizure would be 5.5 million. Based on a single study on the incidence of seizure, the number of new cases of seizure in each year would be close to half a million (Epilepsy status 2009) .The average incidence rate was higher than many developed countries, but lower than the developing countries. (Shankar Saha, and Shyamal Das, 2008) Seizure becomes a medical emergency, when seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes or when a person has many seizures and does not wake up between them. Good healthy habits may help to control seizure such as good sleep habits, stress reduction, proper exercise, good nutrition, regular intake of medicine etc. (Rubin and Kornblau, 2009) NEED FOR THE STUDY Many people with seizure also live with ever present fear of getting another attack. The risk of seizure acts as a barrier for their independence; In USA people with seizure or other handicaps cannot be denied employment or access to many educational, recreational or other activities due to their seizure. However one survey in India showed that about 56% of people with seizure finish high school education and only 15% finish college education. These rates are found lower than those of the general population. These numbers indicate that some important barriers still exist for people with seizure. The risk of seizures becomes a barrier for peoples recreational choices; sports is a positive factor in life which is best for the person to participate. Women with seizure are often concerned about whether they can become pregnant and have a healthy child. This is usually a possible situation. Probably 90% women with seizure have the chance of bearing a normal healthy baby and the risk of birth defects is only associated with pregnancy and delivery. The researcher personally felt that seizure episodes are common and often recurrent if the patient does not maintain good health habits. The knowledge level regarding safety measures on management of seizure is essential for people. So the researcher got interested to prepare a Self Instructional Module regarding promotion of safety measures among patients with seizure. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The study to evaluate the effectiveness of Self Instructional Module (SIM) on knowledge regarding promotion of safety measures among patients with seizure and primary care givers in selected Hospitals at Salem. OBJECTIVES To develop and validate Self Instructional Module regarding promotion of safety measures for patients with seizure and primary care givers. To assess the knowledge score on Safety measures regarding seizure management before and after exposed to SIM among patients with seizure and primary care givers. To find out the association between pre-test level of knowledge with selected demographic variables (Age in years, Educational status) RESEARCH HYPOTHESES: (Level of significance p H1: The mean post-test knowledge score after exposed to SIM will be higher than the mean pre-test knowledge score among patients with seizure. H2: The mean post-test knowledge score after exposed to SIM will be higher than mean pre-test knowledge score among primary care givers of patients with seizure. H3: There will be significant association between the pre-test knowledge level on promotion of safety measures among seizure patients with their selected demographic variables. H3(a): There will be significant association between the pre-test knowledge level on promotion of safety measures among seizure patients with their age. H3(b): There will be significant association between the pre-test knowledge level on promotion of safety measures among seizure patients with their educational status. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS 1. Effectiveness: In this study Effectiveness refers to the significant difference in mean pre test and post test knowledge score regarding promotion of safety measures on management of seizure among the samples. a). Knowledge of patients with seizure : In this study , it refers to the level of information which is known by the patients with seizure regarding promotion of safety measures which includes drug regimen; marriage and pregnancy ; relaxation therapy and safety measures on management of seizure which will be assessed by using a structured questionnaire, with Multiple choice questions . The scores will be interpreted as below 50% Inadequate knowledge; 50% 75% moderate knowledge and above 75% adequate knowledge. b). Knowledge of primary care givers of patients with seizure: In this study; it refers to the level of information regarding promotion of safety measures which includes care of patient during and after seizure by the primary care giver which is assessed by structured questionnaire that contains multiple choice questions. The scores will be interpreted as below 50% Inadequate knowledge; 50% 75% moderate knowledge; above 75% adequate knowledge. 2. Primary Caregiver: In this study; it refers to a person who is being with the patient and giving care before, during and after a seizure attack. 3. Self Instructional Module: Section-1: For patients with seizure: In this study; it refers to a self explanatory guide regarding the promotion of safety measures on management of seizure. It gives information regarding meaning of seizure, its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, complications, and management of seizure. Section 2: For primary care givers of patients with seizure: In this study; it refers to set of guidelines regarding promotion on care of patients with seizure for the primary care givers. It gives information regarding the care of patient during after seizure. 4. Patients with Seizure: In this study, it refers to individuals who are diagnosed as patients with seizure for the past one year and who attend the out- patient department for regular treatment in selected Hospitals at Salem. 5. Safety Measures on Management of Seizure: In this study it refers to the information regarding safety measures on drug regimen; relaxation therapy; care during and after seizure which should be followed by the patient to avoid physical as well as mental harm. 6. Demographic Variables: a) Age in years: In this study the age group from 20 to 60 years was included. b) Gender: It refers to the sex of the patient with seizure and primary care giver (male and female). c) Educational status: In this study primary school to post graduate level were included. d) Family member in health profession: In this study; it refers to the individual in the family who is working as doctor, nurse, physiotherapist or other health personnel. ASSUMPTION The knowledge on seizure and care during seizure is essential for people to lead a healthy life and to promote psychosocial well being. The improved knowledge will help in preventing the further attack of seizure. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION Formal permission will be obtained from the concern authority from the Neuro Hospital OPD where the study is conducted. Written informed consent will be obtained from the samples after explaining the usefulness of study. DELIMITATIONS Sample size is delimited to 30 patients on regular treatment and their primary care givers who attend OPD. Patients with seizure who are accompanied by primary care giver. Study is delimited to those who will be available for post test. SUMMARY This chapter dealt with the introduction, need for the study; statement of the problem; objectives; hypotheses; operational definitions; assumption; ethical consideration and delimitations.

What is Economics? :: Economic Systems Economy Scarcity Essays

Economics, in one aspect, is the study of how individuals, societies, and countries manage to deal with the problem of scarcity. Scarcity is a problem within economics because the wants of people are unlimited and the resources available to fulfil those wants are finite (Sloman, 2001). The answer to scarcity is efficiency which Gowland and Paterson (1993) described as the most benefit from a certain amount of scarce resources. Within the economic system, there are several types of economies, each generating a different level of efficiency. It is said that an economic system that has allocative efficiency, productive efficiency, and equity will be effective. Along with the latter mentioned, the division of labour and comparative advantage, when exploited also bring about the effectiveness of a system. Within an economic system there are two contrasting ideals: the market economy and the planned economy. A free-market or laissez-faire economy makes decisions on an individual level with minimal government intervention. On the other hand of the spectrum lies the planned economy where all economic decisions are made by the government (Sloman, 2001). Both economies have their advantages and disadvantages. In a free-market economy there is freedom of choice, high incentives, and the belief in consumer sovereignty, yet, there are problems such as inequality of income, macroeconomic instability, and the chance of market failure. Likewise, though a planned economy has advantages such as low levels of unemployment and equal distribution of income, there is a loss of personal freedom and lack of consumer choice. Many people feel that efficiency lies in the free-market economy where one can easily answer the questions what should be produced, how it should be produced, and for whom. However, the problem with this ‘capitalist’ economy is that poverty and boom and bust cycles reduce progress (Economic Systems: How Societies adapt to Problems, 2003). â€Å"If you care about economic efficiency, you should like free markets†¦But they would also believe the second one should be qualified, in addition to its stabilisation and distribution functions, governments will be needed to correct market imperfections†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rhoads, 1999, p.66) Rhoads (1999) mentions how a market economy leans towards more efficiency but needs the government sporadically, a combination which makes the so-called mixed economy. A mixed economy which leans towards laissez-faire, as in the case with the U.S or the United Kingdom, is rather successful. On the contrary, countries, such as Burma or North Korea, which slant towards a planned economy, lack progress. Along with allocative efficiency, how resources should be allocated, productive efficiency, which production method should be utilised, and equity, â€Å"specialisation and exchange are both necessary to have an efficient economy† (Demmert, 1991 p.3). Specialisation comes in the

Desdemona and Cordelias Love

Doris L Soto Prof Nadita Batra INGL 4025 802 07 8757 Desdemona and Cordelia’s Love The differences between love and tragedies are portrayed in Shakespeare’s Othello and King Lear. The complete relationship between father and daughter is corrupted by an external meaning, which plays an important role. How blind and deft can a father be to not understand? Is it that important for a daughter to die just to prove her point and her extreme emotional intelligence?One man that can provide an example would be a father like King Lear, who denied his daughter Cordelia because she did not use flattering words to make him feel better or out shadow her sisters. The heroines of Shakespeare are born is these plays, they can be great and intelligent for their age, but they were somehow young and naive. Love and sorrow are a part of these tragic relationships; whereas it is too late for denial and repent. Within their actions of love and understanding both of these women convinced their fathers they were completely right.Desdemona was married to Othello without the consent of her father Barbantio, this caused Barbantio to feel indignant and even more so when he knew that Othello, who was more of a friend than anything else, was the man who had courted and married his daughter without his consent. Indirectly, this is one way that Desdemona proves her true love, which is by confronting her father and declaring her love for Othello. Brabantio question her â€Å"Destruction of my head if my bad blame† (Shakespeare p. 38), where Desdemona responds, â€Å" but heres my husband, and so much duty and my mother showed to you, preferring you before her father, so much I challenge that I may profess due to the Moore my lord† (Shakespeare 341). This shows how as a daughter Desdemona admired her father, and felt compelled to explain her actions, although she did not regret them. Brabantio was grasp and put in the same position, he was put when younger. As a fathe r figure, Barbantio realizes this love even though Desdemona was in opposition to his ideals.It was ontly logical that Desdemona would choose Othello since he was the figure that most corresponded with her father, in reference to social status, etc. For what her father has taught her, she had high standards; Brabantio was a very intelligent man. Desdemona had for the two men most important in her life, the one that raise her and the one that completed her. Acting without forethought is what best describes the injustice that is done towards Cordelia by her father and her non-supporting traitor sisters.Cordelia was the daughter that never cared about putting her life at risk in order to prove her point to her father King Lear. Her character was put to a test of love, money, and truth. Cordelia had proven that her love is divided; she cannot love more, she had a greater philosophy, which was that love equals love; none was greater and none was smaller. This could have been because she was royalty and well taught; she understood the danger of dividing a Kingdom. Ironically an intelligent father disinherits her, with her soon to be husband.This action of his came back tenfold when his other two daughters betrayed him and he ended out suffering just as Cordelia, only worst. This king that has been so successful and intelligent was blinded by the love of his daughters and his deception in Cordelias actions. This may prove he did not have knowledge enough of the demon that existed between money, betrayal, and power. Cordelia’s relationship with the King was not acknowledged at that very moment since Lear had made his own pedestal.With Cordelia’s departure, she put Lear on an evaluation, a test where he was the only one that could resolve; she decided to give him the time. Cordelia was willing to make her father understand her love no matter what, but King Lear was to devastated and stubborn to realize that he was being betrayed by the daughters that pret ended to love him and loved by Cordelia, the rebellious one. The moment in which the King understood this was too late. The king reply â€Å"had I your tongue and eyes, I’d use them so that the heaven’s vault crack. She’s gone forever.I know when one is dead and when one live; she is dead like earth† (Shakespeare 704) By the time it came to him that she was the truly good daughter, he saw that the place were she was suppose to be from the beginning was with him. An ignorant father that could not realize his third child was the one with the more knowledge and understanding of life and love. Cordelia died to prove it. Desdemona and Cordelia made the impossible to acknowledge their importance of their existence throughout the play; they were both the heroines for their stories of being strong and liberal women.The ones that made reason within the power that were assigned for men. Desdemona was a very intelligent woman like Cordelia, they were assigned for th ose men to make them understand that love is pain and is not only love. These women tried to make their fathers understand with just words what they intended to do but could not. Cordelia did not lie to her father and Desdemona clarified that she was not stolen. Both of these great women did what they felt it was right.Desdemona’s overconfidence of the world and her own situation drag her to her own murder, she was too naive to understand the evil that her own father planted in Othello’s mind which was going to get her killed. The price that Desdemona and Cordelia had to pay was of silent and death, they had no more options, they both wanted to prove that they were right and that their truth was going to be relevant in some of the point of their situation. Cordelia was not going to rest until she save her father and Desdemona was not going to be complete unless her father approves her relation with Othello.Their father and daughter relationships seemed to correspond wi th one another in both of the plays. These women were from a high class and both had their father as an example of greatness and power, therefore they are as intelligent and powerful as their fathers, the difference between them is that they are women and somehow that makes them see things different and understand from another perspective what men would not. Women are actually stronger, and the both prove it when their love was enough to not want to quit and to prevail in their points. ‘ Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Four Tragedies Shakespeare. April: Bantam Dell, 2005. Print.

My Favourite Author Essay

â€Å"A person who has good thoughts cannot ever be ugly. You can have a wonky nose and a crooked mouth and a double chin and stick-out teeth, but if you have good thoughts, they will shine out of your face like sunbeams and you will always look lovely.† -Roald Dahl Roald Dahl has written numerous children’s books in his career as a writer. He had fun playing around with words, inventing new ones. He always capitalized on his humor, never failing to think to think out of the box. He always wrote from the point of view of a child. Roald Dahl was an acquisitive reader in his younger days. According to him, â€Å"An autobiography is a book a person writes about his own life and it is usually full of all sorts of boring details, this (Boy: Tales of Childhood) is not an autobiography† These words brought a smile on my face. I love Dahl’s silly yet creative style of writing. His book ‘Boy: Tales of Childhood’, is a favourite of mine. It is a memoir of Roald’s childhood. I find it utterly fascinating. This autobiography contains incidents about his childhood. He was born in Landaff, Cardiff, Wales, in 1916. He attended The Cathedral School in Llandaff. One of the events in this book is when he was eight. His friend Thwaites among his four friends was spanked by the headmaster for putting a dead mouse in a jar of hard candy, called ‘gobstoppers’ at the local sweet shop, owned by Mrs.Pratchett, an old woman whom Dahl described as â€Å"mean and loathsome†. Roald and the other four boys called the â€Å"Great Mouse Plot of 1924†. Along with his passion for literature, Dahl also developed an interest in photography; it is one of my favourite hobbies too. Roald Dahl was made captain for school fives and squash teams, and he also played football, his exceptional height helped him. In ‘Boy: Tales of Childhood’, Dahl also said that the chocolate company sent over boxes of new chocolates to be tasted. The chocolates were expected to be rated and commented on, be it the flavor or the enhanced needed in those chocolates. Roald wished to earn the praise of Mr. Cadbury himself. This wish of his gave him the inspiration to write the amazing book, ‘Charlie and the Chocolate Factory’. Roald had also said that he originally did not plan to include children in his book at all! But he changed his mind when his nephew said to him, â€Å"Uncle Roald, I do not like it a bit.†Ã‚  Another book, ‘Matilda’ is the second of my favourites of his books. It revolves around Matilda Wormwood, a girl who had an immense love for reading. Matilda, because of her parents’ ignorance towards her, taught herself to do things like cooking and reading. Her parents considered her a nuisance, who, according to them, should’ve been watching more television and reading fewer books! To add up to this, Matilda’s headmistress, a horribly cruel woman, Miss Trunchbull who believed Matilda’s father’s words indicating that his daughter-Matilda- was not well-behaved. Matilda later discovers magical powers within herself, powers that, with practice, allowed her to levitate things, with just a glance in its direction and a little concentration. This book is about how Matilda teaches her parents and headmistress a lesson, and makes friends with Miss Honey in the process. I have observed that Roald Dahl’s books for children, quite typically, comprise of evildoers who hate little children. These wicked people are either simply villains or tremendous gluttons. These characters or stories can also be a metaphor for the abuse the older boys put him through. His books also usually contain dark humor. These wicked people are usually punished for their evil, wicked deeds. Some of Roald Dahl’s other well known children’s books are, The BFG, The Twits, The Witches, Fantastic Mr. Fox, James and the Giant Peach and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Dahl joined the RAF (Royal Air Force) as an aircraftsman. He married actress Patricia Neal fourteen years later after his involvement in wars, and they had five children. Roald Dahl died in 1990 of leukemia. Though Roald Dahl is no longer in this world, the magical worlds created by him in his wonderful, or, in his words- phizz-whizzing!-books, and characters will always live on. Roald Dahl will always be my favourite author.

Battle of Brandywine in the American Revolution

Battle of Brandywine in the American Revolution The Battle of Brandywine was fought September 11, 1777, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). One of the largest battles of the conflict, Brandywine saw  General George Washington  attempt to defend the American capital at Philadelphia. The campaign began when British forces, led by  General Sir William Howe  departed New York City and sailed up the Chesapeake Bay. Landing in northern Maryland, the British advanced northeast towards Washingtons army. Clashing along the Brandywine River, Howe attempted to flank the American position. The resulting fight was one of the longest one-day battles of the war and saw the British force Washingtons men to retreat. Though beaten, the American army remained ready for another fight. In the days after Brandywine, both armies conducted a campaign of maneuver which resulted in Howe taking Philadelphia.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Background In the summer of 1777, with Major General John Burgoynes army advancing south from Canada, the overall commander of British forces, Howe, prepared his own campaign for capturing the American capital at Philadelphia. Leaving a small force under Major General Henry Clinton at New York, he embarked 13,000 men on transports and sailed south. Entering the Chesapeake, the fleet traveled north and the army landed at Head of Elk, MD on August 25, 1777. Due to the shallow and muddy conditions there, delays ensued as Howe worked to disembark his men and supplies. Having marched south from positions around New York, American forces under General George Washington concentrated west of Philadelphia in anticipation of Howes advance. Sending forward skirmishers, the Americans fought minor a battle with Howes column at Elkton, MD. On September 3, fighting continued with a skirmish at Coochs Bridge, DE. In the wake of this engagement, Washington moved from a defensive line behind Red Clay Creek, DE north to a new line behind the Brandywine River in Pennsylvania. Arriving on September 9, he deployed his men to cover the river crossings. Armies Commanders: Americans General George Washington14,600 men​ British General Sir William Howe15,500 men The American Position Located approximately halfway to Philadelphia, the focus of the American line was at Chadds Ford, astride the main road into the city. Here Washington placed troops under Major General Nathanael Greene and Brigadier General Anthony Wayne. To their left, covering Pyles Ford, were around 1,000 Pennsylvania militia led by Major General John Armstrong. On their right, Major General John Sullivans division occupied the high ground along the river and Brintons Ford with Major General Adam Stephens men to the north. Beyond Stephens division, was that of Major General Lord Stirling which held Painters Ford. On the far right of the American line, detached from Stirling, was a brigade under Colonel Moses Hazen which had been assigned to watch Wistars and Buffingtons Fords. Having formed his army, Washington was confident that he had barred the way to Philadelphia. Arriving at Kennett Square to the southwest, Howe concentrated his army and assessed the American position. Rather than attempt a direct attack against Washingtons lines, Howe elected to use the same plan that had achieved victory the year before at Long Island (Map). Howes Plan This entailed sending a force to fix Washington in place while marching with the bulk of the army around the American flank. Accordingly, on September 11 Howe ordered Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen to advance to Chadds Ford with 5,000 men, while he and Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis moved north with the remainder of the army. Moving out around 5:00 AM, Cornwallis column crossed the West Branch of the Brandywine at Trimbles Ford, then turned east and crossed the East Branch at Jeffries Ford. Turning south, they advanced to high ground on Osbornes Hill and were in position to strike the American rear. Opening Shots Moving out around 5:30 AM, Knyphausens men moved along the road towards Chadds Ford and pushed back American skirmishers led by Brigadier General William Maxwell. The first shots of the battle were fired at Welchs Tavern approximately four miles west of Chadds Ford. Pushing ahead, the Hessians engaged a larger Continental force at Old Kennett Meetinghouse around mid-morning.    Finally arriving on the opposite bank from the American position, Knyphausens men began a desultory artillery bombardment. Through the day, Washington received various reports that Howe was attempting a flanking march. While this led to the American commander considering a strike on Knyphausen, he demurred when he received one report that convinced him the earlier ones were incorrect. Around 2:00 PM, Howes men were spotted as they arrived on Osbornes Hill. Flanked (Again) In a stroke of luck for Washington, Howe halted on the hill and rested for around two hours. This break allowed Sullivan, Stephen, and Stirling to hastily form a new line facing the threat. This new line was under the oversight of Sullivan and command of his division devolved to Brigadier General Preudhomme de Borre.  As the situation at Chadds Ford appeared stable, Washington informed Greene to be ready to march north at a moments notice. Around 4:00 PM, Howe began his attack on the new American line. Surging forward, the attack quickly shattered one of Sullivans brigades causing it to flee. This was due to it being out of position due to a series of bizarre orders issued by de Borre. Left with little choice, Washington summoned Greene. For around ninety minutes heavy fighting swirled around the Birmingham Meeting House and what is now known as Battle Hill with the British slowly pushing the Americans back.   Washington Retreats Marching an impressive four miles in forty-five minutes, Greenes troops joined the fray around 6:00 PM. Supported by the remnants of Sullivans line and Colonel Henry Knoxs artillery, Washington and Greene slowed the British advance and allowed the rest of the army to withdraw.  By around 6:45 PM, the fighting quieted and Brigadier General George Weedons brigade was tasked with covering the American retreat from the area. Hearing the fighting, Knyphausen began his own assault at Chadds Ford with artillery and columns attacking across the river. Encountering Waynes Pennsylvanians and Maxwells light infantry, he was able to slowly push the outnumbered Americans back. Halting at every stone wall and fence, Waynes men slowly bled the advancing enemy and were able to cover the retreat of Armstrongs militia which had not been engaged in the fighting. Continuing to fall back along the road to Chester, Wayne skillfully handled his men until the fighting petered out around 7:00 PM. Aftermath The Battle of Brandywine cost Washington around 1,000 killed, wounded, and captured as well as most of his artillery, while British losses were 93 killed, 488 wounded, and 6 missing. Among the American wounded was the newly arrived Marquis de Lafayette. Retreating from Brandywine, Washingtons army fell back on Chester feeling that it had merely lost a battle and desiring another fight. Though Howe had won a victory, he failed to destroy Washingtons army or immediately exploit his success. Over the next few weeks, the two armies engaged in a campaign of maneuver that saw the armies attempt to fight on September 16 near Malvern and Wayne defeated at Paoli on September 20/21. Five days later, Howe finally out-maneuvered Washington and marched into Philadelphia unopposed. The two armies next met at the Battle of Germantown on October 4.